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« Septiembre 2008 | Main | Noviembre 2008 » Octubre 28, 2008 http://openmultimedia.ie.edu/index_i.html That´s the link to our products offer- For more info in Spanish: Continue reading 'IE Business School - Multimedia Products Available -' Octubre 27, 2008 Uno de los negocios que deberá sufrir más cambios dentro del entorno financiero será el de los proveedores de servicios de banca privada. Al contrario que los clientes de banca de inversión (grandes corporaciones industriales o instituciones financieras) los clientes de banca privada son personas sin formación financiera y por tanto proclives a ser influenciados en su toma de decisiones. Deberán ser tratados con mucha más diligencia para evitar que incurran en riesgos no adecuados a su perfil de riesgo.
Tradicionalmente los clientes de banca privada han buscado un valor añadido, y por tanto, han estado dispuestos a pagar comisiones por ello en dos vertientes diferenciadas: la optimización fiscal y la oferta de productos de inversión más sofisticados que los que se pueden encontrar en un banco generalista. Continue reading 'Retos en el negocio de la banca privada' Octubre 24, 2008 I just received a summary of the main measures and actions taken by several governments in relation to the present financial crisis. It has been elaborated by AEB (spanish banking association), in spanish, and it covers till 20th of october. Enjoy the summary.
Octubre 23, 2008 In times like the present one, with almost everybody panicking, sharp and cool headed investors used to step in and make a fortune. Ultimately, it´s a matter of following a rule as simple as that: buy when is low, sell when is high. The question is: is it really low? Is it low enough? On the plus side, capital markets are in historical low prices (for example, FTSE 100 and IBEX 35 indexes below a 9 price-earnings ratio) and bonds rated BBB (the lowest to qualify for investment grade) yielding more, in comparison with government bonds, than ever since 1932. On the negative side, investors´ confidence is reaching an all time low. Global Investor Confidence decreased in October by 17.5 points to 58.2 from a revised September level of 75.7, according to results released by State Street Global Markets (see http://pr.statestreet.com/us/en/)This index measures investor confidence on a quantitative basis by analyzing the actual buying and selling patterns of institutional investors. The more of their portfolio that institutional investors are willing to devote to equities, the greater their risk appetite or confidence. Data for October results were taken in the period September 17 to October 15, and “they show the largest single reallocation away from risky assets that we have witnessed since it first became available in 1994”, said Paul O´Connell, State Street Associates Director. Reasonability of personal decisions depends on realistic alternatives available, and on logical expectations. In any case, it is important to distinguish between to be brave and to be stupid. In most cases, information makes the difference. Octubre 20, 2008 It seems that now everybody agrees on the need of higher regulation for the financial markets. But, what does this regulation exactly mean? If higher regulation means higher government intervention in the day to day operations of financial entities, I don´t believe that will be a good solution for the present impasse. If more regulation leads to undermine possible competitive advantages, discouraging financial innovation and fair risk taking, we may be limiting one source of economic growth. As previously discussed in this blog, I believe that in the foundations of the present credit crunch there is a serious lack of confidence caused by a serious lack of transparency. Accordingly, what we need is regulation in order to improve transparency in the information provided by financial entities. Technically, the present situation can be described as a big market´s faillure caused, among other reasons, because markets only work with “perfect” information. Any action trying to improve the quality and quantity of information will benefit market reaction. Regulators should establish clear rules on topics like: 1) to avoid the use of off balance sheet entities to hide risky and unclear positions; 2) to provide greater standardization of derivative products and higher transparency of these products by trading them in organized markets. As The Economist (17/10/08) mentioned, somehow the world ended up with $62 trillion-worth of credit default swaps (CDSs), none of them traded on exchange; 3) to set up internal credit rating procedures in financial entities, in order to disclose level of risk associated to new products. It´s well known that real life is always one step (if not more) ahead of regulators. Effective regulation and control of financial market from financial authorities will imply a good understanding of the activities to be regulated, including some degrees of flexibility and imagination. Octubre 19, 2008 Este pequeño país de poco más de 300,000 habitantes ha protagonizado un colapso financiero de gran magnitud. La semana pasada Islandia anunció la nacionalización del primer banco del país, Kaupthing, un día después de asumir el control total sobre el tercero, el Glitnir, y dos de hacer lo mismo con el segundo, el Landsbanki. Mucha gente se pregunta qué tenía Islandia de especial a nivel financiero. En este artículo desvelamos el secreto...
Los hedge funds y los traders propietarios de las mesas de negociación de los bancos de inversión se centraron en Islandia por una razón de peso: Los tipos de interés de la corona islandesa eran próximos al 10%-15% ! Si... han leído bien DOS DÍGITOS. ¿Cómo hacían dinero?... Fácil... Invertían en depósitos en divisa local (corona islandesa) y se financiaban en divisas con tipos de interés reducidos (como el yen o el franco suizo). Parecía fácil y como siempre en ingeniería financiera contaban con una acepción técnica que sonaba francamente bien: El "carry trade" de la corona islandesa. El problema surge cuando - como es lógico por otra parte - el tipo de cambio de la corona islandesa y el yen se debilita. Los especuladores que tienen depósitos o bonos en coronas pierden dinero. El efecto contagio hace que deshagan la posición. Como consecuencia venden los bonos en coronas -con lo que la corona se debilita aún más - y repagan sus préstamos en yenes - con el consiguiente fortalecimiento de la divisa japonesa . El resultado de esta situación es que la corona islandesa se ha debilitado dramáticamente. Y la capacidad de los islandeses y de sus instituciones de pagar sus pasivos en divisas internacionales es francamente baja. Ya ven... los "carry trades" son muy peligrosos, por cierto un ejemplo de "carry trade" que está popularizando desgraciadamente Bankinter es la hipoteca multidivisa. En ella el prestatario se endeuda en yenes (al igual que en el carry trade de Islandia) y espera pagar tipos de interés reducidos durante la vida de la operación. El problema surge cuando el yen se revalorice un 50% y el prestatario tenga que hacer frente a un 50% más de principal! Ustedes podrían decirme... cómo se va a revalorizar el yen un 50%... a lo que yo contestaré de forma gallega... ¿Cuánto valía el EUR/$ hace 8 años? 0.90 ... Recuerdan el 1.60 de hace dos meses? ... Bueno, pues aplicando matemáticas de 3º de EGB a mí me sale un 77% de pérdidas sobre el valor total del préstamo (si se hubiera formalizado un multidivisa ligado al dólar). Creo que sería bueno que el Banco de España indague en el asunto de los préstamos multidivisa. Lo peor de todo, es que el perfil tipo de cliente que pide este tipo de hipotecas es el que no llega a fin de mes. Con lo que hemos visto anteriormente, nos podemos hacer una idea del flaco favor que le estamos haciendo al prestatario. Por sacar una nota positiva... si quieres conocer un país barato en tus próximas vacaciones "anti-crisis" ya sabes uno muy bonito... Continue reading 'Islandia: Historia de un colapso financiero' Octubre 16, 2008 As expected, american government announced in october 13th what we can call plan B in rescue for financial institutions. We have to remember that the bill approved at the begining of october allowed the american treasury secretary to acquire mortgage-related assets either in auctions or direct purchases, and if they are short of capital, to put equity into weakened financial institutions. With this plan B, the government will invest $250 billion in newly created bank stocks. Is this plan B better than the original plan A? I believe it is. The problems with plan A (acquiring mortgage-related assets) have been discussed here before. Let´s now summarize two main potential problems: 1) find out the right value; 2) timing in the implementation. Plan B (purchasing stocks) has clear advantages: 1) it will provide money in a much faster way; 2) through the leverage effect, banks will be able to lend more money, reactivating the economy, eventually.... As it is known, plan B has been proposed and led by the british government, particularly by its Prime Minister. Mr. Brown. And it has been followed by the majority of EU countries, apart from USA. Since taxpayers are going to finance the bail out of international financial system, I certainly prefer that my money give me ownership than questionable assets.... Octubre 14, 2008 Islamic Finance constitutes a key area within Global Finance. It deals with finance but... being consistent with Islamic religious principles.
For example an islamic bond is called "sukuk". It complies with Islam but it is similar to our "Western" version of debt. The obvious reason why Islamic Finance is huge is self explanatory: Oil Prices... There are many concepts within Shari’ah which limit the degree to which conventional capital market techniques can be applied, but the most fundamental is the prohibition of Riba. Riba – often interpreted simply as interest – is considered to be any pre-determined return on money, in other words, the generation of income from money alone. While interest is prohibited, Shari’ah does allow for financing to be provided (or accepted) in the event that it is linked to certain identifiable assets (e.g. for the trading of those assets, or for their construction). * Investment in companies that manufacture certain forbidden – haram – products, such as tobacco, alcohol, firearms, pork products and also investment in companies in the entertainment industry, casinos, hotels, restaurants, adult entertainment etc. (which restricts the commercial assets in which the proceeds of a Sukuk issue can be invested). * Speculation, betting and gambling (maisir) including the speculative trade or exchange of money for debt without an underlying asset transfer. * Preventable uncertainty (gharar) such as that related to derivative instruments, forwards and futures. * Trading in ‘indebtedness’ at any price other than the face value. Islamic Finance itself is not a recent phenomenon but has developed over many hundreds of years. Over that time a variety of different contractual instruments have become well established as common ways of financing, and been given the green light by Islamic scholars tasked with developing Islamic jurisprudence and interpreting the principles laid down in (most importantly) the Qu’ran. Traditionally these instruments have formed the basis for commercial banking, although as we will see later they are now being used as the basis for many Sukuk and hence are being translated into the investment banking arena. Now let´s look at several contracts in Islamic Finance, which form the building blocks of Sukuk. Given the Shari’ah restrictions on the trading of indebtedness, we have divided the contracts into two groups: Continue reading 'The beauty of Islamic Finance' Ahora que los gobiernos de los principales países occidentales parecen competir en generosidad sobre la cuantía de los planes de rescate para las entidades financieras, y ante la evidente satisfacción general por la positiva reacción de los mercados bursátiles, conviene no olvidar el conjunto de incidentes que nos ha conducido a una situación tan lamentable como la actual. Lo que comenzó siendo un problema de liquidez, fruto de la desconfianza, se transformó rápidamente en un problema de solvencia, ya que la desconfianza estaba plenamente justificada. El Fondo Monetario Internacional ha estimado que para restaurar el famoso ratio del 8%, el conjunto de la banca americana y europea precisaría de una inyección de nuevo capital por una cuantía de 675.000 millones de dólares. Y esto suponiendo que, en el futuro, los bancos actúen de una manera correcta, limitando drásticamente el reparto de dividendos y analizando con rigor la calidad de sus inversiones. Entender lo que ha pasado ayudará a evitar que se repita en el futuro. Aun a riesgo de pecar de ingenuidad y de ser descalificado por tener una visión demasiado simple, me atrevo a afirmar que lo que ha pasado es un monumental ejemplo de destrucción de riqueza ajena a base de confundir la apariencia con la realidad. Se habla de la necesidad de establecer un nuevo sistema financiero. No lo sé. Quizás bastaría seguir con el actual pero trabajando de una manera más profesional. Es decir, dando prioridad a los criterios de sostenibilidad económica y visión a largo plazo, sobre la visión a corto y la rentabilidad aparente. Medir correctamente el riesgo sigue siendo la asignatura pendiente para el mundo de las entidades financieras. Octubre 13, 2008
Octubre 09, 2008 Let’s make a long story short: Why do banks default in their liabilities?
If you asked a child he would say… because they lack money?: well…True. Why? Because It is not as straight forward as it may appear in Academia or even the financial industry. We are taught to focus on over simplistic ratios to rationalize the scheme of things. As you will see in this article I am not a big fan of ratios. Ratios are useful in an stable scenario. But trying to use them to understand what’s cooking now is like trying to value a money-losing start-up with a price to earnings ratio. If you read the financial press these days you will find “experts” talking about many of them. I have chosen the following: Gold medal of bank ratios are the so-called capitalisation ratios. These ratios look at equity divided by assets. They are strongly promoted by regulators. And they are pretty much…. Bullshit! Why? First of all the equity component is fake. It is not the shareholders stake what goes in the numerator but a much more elaborated variable that includes hybrid products. A hybrid is a product that lies between debt and equity. For example my beloved Warren Buffet just bought Goldman Sachs ´s 10% coupon preferred debt or equity if you wish. The issue is that banks do not dare to default in their hybrids because that would kill their reputation in the market so hybrids don’t operate as equity but as crystal clear debt! So regulators… learn this lesson… Lets only look at common stock. Secondly the assets component is fake as well. Even though it is adjusted by risk factors only internal auditors know the quality of bank assets. For the sake of an example: Lehman risk weighted assets looked pretty decent a month before the US investment bank went into default. Silver medal would go to the leverage ratios. The tend to measure the opposite. That´s why journalists love to talk about these “hedge fund” scary type of figures like “a bank is 40 times leveraged!… Vow!”. Do not get scared. It is not that meaningful. Sorry guys but we missed the point again. Who cares if we are leveraged. Shouldn’t we focus more if we are able to repay our debt? And secondly you could massively leverage up 80 times a US treasuries position but be massively in trouble with a single non leveraged hedge fund investment. Bronze medal would well be deserved by the so-called liquidity ratios. They attempt to have an appreciation of the whole sale funding component of the funding basket. Why? Because if financial markets are dry it becomes very difficult to obtain whole sale funding. One of the many reasons why I think Emilio Botin is a smart-ass is because he was able to place a Santander-linked convertible bond issue into the Spanish retail base. The beauty of it was that their funding level became super cheap because the average grandmother does not have an exact idea of where the equity volatility lies if you know what I mean! But that´s an ethics problem not a financial problem. I found two ratios that caught my attention pretty much: Being honest. These latter ratios are interesting but do not address our issues: do they? So… Is it any light at the end of the tunnel?: I think so but we would not observe it based on financial engineering grounds but cash flows ones: Yes... as my NYU accounting teacher used to say: Cash is king! What would a street-wise business owner do to see if he or she can afford the service of debt? Look at debt characteristics? … oh dear! We do not need to hire a McKinsey expert for that… do we? C’mon boys and girls!… Lets look at debt types, volumes and mostly maturities, mostly at short term maturities. Bloomberg gives us a pretty accurate image of banks redeeming decent sizes of debt in the remainder of 2008 and 2009: CommerzBank (EUR 65bn), Deutsche Bank (EUR 45bn), Barclays (EUR 40bn), Santander (EUR 38bn),RBS (EUR 25bn), UBS (EUR 18bn) … can they pay or no? The answer is yes they can. I hope this back of the envelope exercise has been of any use to heart attacked deposit takers! Hablando el otro día con un amigo que sabe que me dedico a esto de enseñar finanzas, me preguntó qué era lo que realmente pensaba sobre la actual crisis financiera. Le contesté que me dijese cuál prefería: la respuesta corta o la respuesta larga. Tratando de dar aquí una respuesta intermedia, se me ocurren los siguientes comentarios: 1) El problema de liquidez al que se enfrentan las entidades financieras, sobre todo en USA, se deriva de una falta de confianza en la solvencia de esas entidades. Esta falta de confianza está más que justificada, ya que la situación proviene de mediados del año pasado y, desde entonces, todos los anuncios y promesas de limpieza en los activos afectados se han incumplido sistemáticamente. 2) Para que el sistema financiero vuelva a funcionar hay que restablecer la confianza, empezando por el mercado americano. La solución técnica que se ha adoptado -el plan anunciado por la administración Bush y aprobado por las cámaras legislativas americanas- no garantiza la reactivación del sistema, entre otros motivos por los que ya he señalado en otro comentario (valoración y precio de esos activos rescatables). 3) La falta de coordinación entre los gobiernos de Europa no está ayudando a generar esa confianza que es imprescindible para reactivar los mercados financieros europeos. 4) No es descartable la necesidad de una intervención más contundente por parte del Tesoro americano, procediendo a una toma de control accionarial (eufemismo para nacionalización) parcial en bancos americanos, semejante a la realizada en UK. 5) En cualquier caso, para que la confianza se mantenga a medio y largo plazo será preciso establecer mecanismos de supervisión que eviten, o al menos dificulten, la repetición de este tipo de situaciones. 7) Quizás parte de la solución se deba concretar en una mayor exigencia de transparencia en la información que proporcionan estos mercados, tanto de sus actividades y de su rentabilidad real (económica, ajustada al riesgo), como de sus sistemas de retribución a los gestores, del valor que aporta y el precio que se carga por su labor de intermediación, etc. Creo que todos somos conscientes de estar viviendo momentos históricos. Al pensar en crisis, recesión y recuperación me viene a la memoria una frase que se atribuye a Ronald Reagan. Cuando en 1980 peleaba por la presidencia contra Jimmy Carter, pronunció un discurso donde dijo: Sabemos que hay crisis cuando nuestro vecino pierde su empleo. Recesión, cuando nosotros perdemos nuestro empleo. Y la recuperación se producirá cuando Carter pierda su empleo... Probablemente sea necesario que muchos “Carters” pierdan su empleo para que las aguas vuelvan a su cauce. Octubre 06, 2008 El plan de rescate de la administración Bush ha sido finalmente aprobado por las cámaras legislativas americanas. La cuestión ahora es saber si esta compra masiva de activos hipotecarios “tóxicos”, con cargo a los contribuyentes, servirá para reactivar el mercado financiero y devolver la confianza en el sistema bancario americano –y, por extensión, en el del resto del mundo occidental-, o por el contrario será necesario implantar en un futuro próximo un plan complementario, a modo de una segunda carga por parte de la caballería que viene al rescate... Como ya se ha señalado en diversos foros, el factor clave para que este plan funcione es determinar un precio adecuado para los activos que van a ser rescatados: ni muy bajo ni muy alto en relación a su valor intrínseco, estimado con base en supuestos razonables. Sobrevalorar los activos securitizados destruiría valor para los contribuyentes, e infravalorarlos podría poner en peligro la aceptación del plan por parte de la entidades financieras. En la medida en que el valor intrínseco de cualquier activo depende de los flujos de caja futuros esperados, descontados a la tasa de descuento que refleje de una manera razonable el riesgo asociados a esos flujos, no cabe duda de que la implantación apropiada de este plan requerirá de expertos que conozcan la situación actual de los mercados inmobiliarios y su previsible evolución en el futuro. Por otra parte, el procedimiento o el tipo de subasta que se emplee para la adjudicación de los activos pueden tener una decisiva influencia en el precio finalmente acordado. El arte de valorar requerirá de buenas dosis de realismo e inteligencia política.
Octubre 04, 2008 First of all... Let´s go back to basics... How do investment banks make money? Broadly speaking, Investment Bank´s revenues are made in three different fashions: trading, brokering and via client activities.
Continue reading 'Proprietary Trading... Is it still a sustainable business model?' Octubre 03, 2008 I add below letter from a group on European economists calling for coordinated action in Europe to capitalize the financial system. At the bootom there is web address to sing it and support it.
1 October 2008 This is a once-in-a-lifetime crisis. Trust among financial institutions is disappearing; fear may spread. Last week’s US experience showed that saving one bank at a time won’t work. A systemic response is needed and in Europe this means an EU-led initiative to recapitalise the banking sector. Unless European leaders immediately unite to address this crisis before it spirals out of control, they may find themselves fighting over how best to salvage the aftermath. Europe is in the midst of a once-in-a-lifetime crisis. Every European knows what happened when financial markets seized up in the dark years of the 1930s. It is not an exaggeration to say that it could happen again if governments fail to act. We are not predicting that it will happen, but it is critical to know that this is what is at stake. Trust among financial institutions is disappearing and there are risks that fear will spread more widely. Turmoil in financial markets must be stopped before it causes major damage to the real economy. The savings of hundreds of millions of Europeans are directly threatened. If the turmoil produces credit market paralysis, jobs and businesses will be destroyed on a massive scale. A further weakening of the real economy would put more loans at risk and create a vicious cycle of falling asset prices, deteriorating ability to repay loans, and diminishing credit flows. Actions by US policymakers are welcome, but they are not sufficient. Decisive policy action is required in Europe as well. Policy spillovers: European-level actions to supplement and coordinate national actions The US authorities learned last week that saving one bank at a time won’t work; a systemic crisis demands a systemic response. In Europe, saving one bank at a time means either a rescue effort mounted by one nation, despite important spillovers to neighbouring countries, or last-minute improvised coordination and agreement about fiscal burden sharing. The national responses and ad-hoc cooperative efforts to date have been useful. Yet interdependence among European banks is too deep and too wide-spread for national responses or case-by-case coordination to be enough. Each national policy intervention and each cooperative intervention by a small number of countries can have unpredictable implications for other European nations. It is critical that national authorities sit together and coordinate their responses, developing Europe-wide solutions where appropriate. Now is the time to act while the situation still appears manageable. Last week’s events in the US demonstrate that financial crises do not evolve smoothly and predictably. One unexpected event can trigger a cascade of failures and panics that become increasingly difficult to control. Solutions Many solutions will be part of the answer. In the US, dealing with the immediate crisis requires restoring liquidity to money and credit markets, and creating the conditions for the resumption of the securitisation of prime mortgages and other illiquid but sufficiently homogeneous and transparent assets. In Europe, the key problem is high leverage among the internationally active large banks. Hence the EU contribution must be centred on a recapitalisation of the banking sector, through the injection of public equity or through mandatory debt-to-equity conversions. This has to be done at the EU level (e.g. through the EIB). The current approach of rescuing one institution after another with national funds will lead to a Balkanisation of the European banking sector. Agreeing a harmonised level for deposit insurance would also be important. To prevent future crises of this nature, regulation of the European financial markets and institutions at the European level will also be required. The problem is not a lack of understanding of how to stop financial crises. The problem is a lack of political will. Unless European leaders immediately unite to address this crisis before it spirals out of control, they may find themselves fighting over how best to salvage the aftermath. If you want to sign please go to: http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/add/signatory. |
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