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Octubre 13, 2008
Octubre 03, 2008 I add below letter from a group on European economists calling for coordinated action in Europe to capitalize the financial system. At the bootom there is web address to sing it and support it.
1 October 2008 This is a once-in-a-lifetime crisis. Trust among financial institutions is disappearing; fear may spread. Last week’s US experience showed that saving one bank at a time won’t work. A systemic response is needed and in Europe this means an EU-led initiative to recapitalise the banking sector. Unless European leaders immediately unite to address this crisis before it spirals out of control, they may find themselves fighting over how best to salvage the aftermath. Europe is in the midst of a once-in-a-lifetime crisis. Every European knows what happened when financial markets seized up in the dark years of the 1930s. It is not an exaggeration to say that it could happen again if governments fail to act. We are not predicting that it will happen, but it is critical to know that this is what is at stake. Trust among financial institutions is disappearing and there are risks that fear will spread more widely. Turmoil in financial markets must be stopped before it causes major damage to the real economy. The savings of hundreds of millions of Europeans are directly threatened. If the turmoil produces credit market paralysis, jobs and businesses will be destroyed on a massive scale. A further weakening of the real economy would put more loans at risk and create a vicious cycle of falling asset prices, deteriorating ability to repay loans, and diminishing credit flows. Actions by US policymakers are welcome, but they are not sufficient. Decisive policy action is required in Europe as well. Policy spillovers: European-level actions to supplement and coordinate national actions The US authorities learned last week that saving one bank at a time won’t work; a systemic crisis demands a systemic response. In Europe, saving one bank at a time means either a rescue effort mounted by one nation, despite important spillovers to neighbouring countries, or last-minute improvised coordination and agreement about fiscal burden sharing. The national responses and ad-hoc cooperative efforts to date have been useful. Yet interdependence among European banks is too deep and too wide-spread for national responses or case-by-case coordination to be enough. Each national policy intervention and each cooperative intervention by a small number of countries can have unpredictable implications for other European nations. It is critical that national authorities sit together and coordinate their responses, developing Europe-wide solutions where appropriate. Now is the time to act while the situation still appears manageable. Last week’s events in the US demonstrate that financial crises do not evolve smoothly and predictably. One unexpected event can trigger a cascade of failures and panics that become increasingly difficult to control. Solutions Many solutions will be part of the answer. In the US, dealing with the immediate crisis requires restoring liquidity to money and credit markets, and creating the conditions for the resumption of the securitisation of prime mortgages and other illiquid but sufficiently homogeneous and transparent assets. In Europe, the key problem is high leverage among the internationally active large banks. Hence the EU contribution must be centred on a recapitalisation of the banking sector, through the injection of public equity or through mandatory debt-to-equity conversions. This has to be done at the EU level (e.g. through the EIB). The current approach of rescuing one institution after another with national funds will lead to a Balkanisation of the European banking sector. Agreeing a harmonised level for deposit insurance would also be important. To prevent future crises of this nature, regulation of the European financial markets and institutions at the European level will also be required. The problem is not a lack of understanding of how to stop financial crises. The problem is a lack of political will. Unless European leaders immediately unite to address this crisis before it spirals out of control, they may find themselves fighting over how best to salvage the aftermath. If you want to sign please go to: http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/add/signatory. Septiembre 29, 2008 El Viernes 19 de Septiembre el Secretario del Tesoro americano presentó una propuesta para hacer frente a la crisis crediticia actual: solicitaba un mandato para disponer de 700 000 millones de dólares con los que adquirir activos con origen en hipotecas, que estaban en los balances de instituciones financieras con sede en los Estados Unidos. La propuesta señalaba un doble objetivo: perseguía salvaguardar la estabilidad del sistema financiero americano, así como garantizar el uso correcto de los fondos de los contribuyentes. La propuesta señalaba de forma vaga que la implementación se haría a través de agentes del Tesoro, el cuál no sería supervisado por ninguna agencia en esta labor. El plan, si bien ha suscitado un amplio consenso, no ha sido ajeno a críticas tanto en sus pilares básicos (la idea de trasladar parte de los activos tóxicos de los bancos al Tesoro) como en los aspectos menores relacionados con su implementación. El pilar básico del plan consiste en la retirada de los balances de los bancos de activos relacionados con hipotecas que han perdido valor por el comportamiento del sector inmobiliario en los Estados Unidos. Estos activos tienen actualmente dificultades para ser negociados a sus valores actuariales fundamentales como consecuencia de la crisis crediticia y de la falta de liquidez, paralizando el sistema financiero americano. Pese a su aparente necesidad, son muchas las objeciones que se pueden hacer a la creación de este fondo. Primero, uno de los objetivos de este plan es inyectar capital por parte del Tesoro a través de la adquisición de estos activos tóxicos. Pero ¿por qué no obviar la adquisición de los activos e inyectar liquidez directamente tomando participación en los bancos? Adquirir los activos supone el engorroso problema de dar precio a una variedad de activos que ahora mismo encuentran dificultades en obtener del mecanismo de precios una señal fiable de su valor. Segundo, la ausencia de un mercado fiable que refleje precios correctos da lugar a la siguiente cuestión: ¿cuál es el precio que debe de pagar el Tesoro? En una negociación bilateral el Tesoro tiene menos y peor información que el vendedor y dificultades para encontrar un valor fundamental a esos activos, dado que tiene que hacer previsiones sobre precios futuros de la vivienda, tasa de impagos,…En el caso de una sistema de subasta, el Tesoro puede verse atrapado en la maldición del ganador: el Tesoro pagaría más por esos activos de lo que cualquiera otra persona estuviera dispuesto a pagar. Si por otra parte el Tesoro paga un precio justo por estos activos, parece paradójico que el Tesoro recupere una tasa normal de rendimiento habiendo asumido una parte importancia del riesgo. ¿No debería el Tesoro también recuperar parte del incremento del valor de la institución que apoyó, comprándole un activo de riesgo alto en condiciones de mercados difíciles? Tercero, el plan podría destinar el dinero a la raíz del problema, que son los impagos, y así aliviar a los tenedores de hipotecas con dificultades. Por último, está el objetivo enunciado de proteger el contribuyente. Evidentemente hay otras formas de proteger al contribuyente: el gobierno podría exigir un mandato general a los acreedores de redención parcial de deuda que mejoraría las condiciones no sólo de las instituciones financieras sino también de los propios acreedores. O bien, podría ligar el acceso al programa de compras de activos tóxicos a todos aquellos bancos que se recapitalizaran en una cierta cantidad. Las dos últimas propuestas, al ser un mandato general, evitan el problema se señales erróneas y de problemas de coordinación. En ninguna de estas propuestas se pone en riesgo el dinero del contribuyente. Los éxitos del plan para la estabilidad financiera se verán pronto, pero tendremos que esperar para ver si se cumplen las garantías para el contribuyente. Septiembre 22, 2008
La primera de las medidas, la creación del RTC, tiene implicaciones importantes en la evolución de la crisis de crédito actual. Primero, supone un reconocimiento de la insuficiencia de las inyecciones de capital por parte de los Bancos Centrales y la necesidad de inyectar capital (en lugar de liquidez). En cierta medida supone reconocer que parte del problema de liquidez es ya un problema de insolvencia. Durante la gestión la crisis actual, el Tesoro y la Fed han realizado diversos intentos de atraer capital privado (tanto en el rescate de Bearn Stearn como en el intento de salvar a Lehman de la bancarrota). La incapacidad de atraer capital privado ha llevado al gobierno americano a dar un paso adelante y ser el primer agente que pone capital en instituciones sin necesidad de que esto dé lugar a una nacionalización (como la de Fannie y Freddie). Segundo, la RTC es una institución que tuvo un papel primordial en el encauzamiento de la crisis de las instituciones de ahorros en Estados Unidos a finales de los años 80. En aquella crisis el fondo creado se hizo parte de los activos de las instituciones en quiebra (activos reales en su mayor parte), para luego subastarlo. En esta ocasión los activos que asumirá el fondo son activos financieros (cédulas hipotecarias y seguros de quiebras ó Credit Default Swaps) y las instituciones vendedoras son económicamente viables. Las condiciones bajo las que el fondo adquirirá estos activos no están determinadas, pero probablemente el Tesoro insistirá en aplicar descuentos importantes en la adquisición para aleccionar sobre el riesgo moral y poder defender estas medidas frente al contribuyente. Tercero, en la misma medida que el RTC que se creó a principios de los 90 tuvo un impacto importante sobre las cuentas publicas, este nuevo RTC de mayor dimensión tendrá también un mayor efecto sobre los déficits fiscales, y posiblemente sobre el valor del dólar. Por último, si bien este anuncio es de ya por sí importante, la implementación de estas ideas llevará tiempo hasta que sean aprobadas por el congreso. La creación de un fondo de garantía que cubrirá los depósitos en fondos de dinero es similar al que actualmente existe sobre los depósitos bancarios. El plan exigirá a los gestores de fondos una prima para formar parte de este programa de garantía. Aunque la cantidad con la que inicialmente se dotará puede parecer insuficiente, la creación del fondo de garantía generará mayor confianza que frenará la liquidación de fondos temida. La suma de las tres medidas ha tenido un efecto inmediato en el mercado, con una recuperación vertiginosa de la renta variable y una corrección importante de la renta fija. Sin embargo, estas medidas parecen responder al esfuerzo individualizado del Tesoro americano ante una crisis crediticia que es global y con efectos agudos en Europa. Los esfuerzos coordinados se han limitado a la inyección de liquidez por parte de los Bancos Centrales, pero no a un plan coordinado de los tesoros de los distintos gobiernos. Quizás haga falta un esfuerzo en esta dirección. Julio 25, 2008
Julio 24, 2008 We now know that Freddie and Fannie are too big to fail. But also the next fail of a big US bank is also a too big to fail. The Fed and the Treasury are doing whatever they can to avoid a significant bank to fail. Both institutions will let small banks fail easily. And that is what is happening. Some people estimate that as far as 300 small US regional banks are likely to fail in this crisis. But the true problem is to allow a reknown and traditional bank to be swallowed by its debts. It might have to do with the fact that the failure of a big bank might represent the fail of the US economy itself with its corresponding consequences. US bonds will be trashed and the dollar will collapse. The NYT has an article holding that view: the US might be too big to fail, so we all should plan a rescue for that economy. Julio 17, 2008 Credit Default Swaps (CDS) have been a good thermometer on the credit problems faced by banks and corporations. Given that they are insurance against defaults by companies they are marking higher levels as the credit squeeze has gone deeper into the economy. Increases in the probability of defaults has been accompanied with higher prices in CDS. Another away to look at is saying that the cost for companies of insuring against default has increased as firms face mounting borrowing problems. One of the problem of CDS is that there can be more policies written on a firm that the value of the firm itself. A simple way to look at this is thinking about your own house. On your own house you will probably buy enough insurance against many contingencies. The problem comes when also your neighbor and other people write policies on your house. You obviously do not care as it will not affect you. But truly the financial solvency of your insurance company could be jeopardized if this process took place not jus in your own house but in many others. The BBC produced a nice video where things are well explained. Check it out. Julio 14, 2008 There has recently been a wide debate on the cause of current oil prices. The discussion has extended to other commodities that have suffered a price spike in the last two years. We find two group of contenders in this discussion: those that follow economic logic and thorough analysis on their arguments and a second group of people that just claim the guilt of speculators. The first group of people is formed by the informed media (The Economist, Wall Street Journal, Financial Times) and reknown economists (Krugman, Hamilton, Pirrong,…) . Those who made speculators the scapegoat of these high commodity prices are generally politicians that hardly offer any arguments on the logic that is underlying the commodity inflation. Hence in order to discuss the reasons underlying the recent oil spikes we can only follow those offered by economists. I will summarize some on the most recent arguments exposed by economist to explain why speculators are the wrong “usual suspect” Continue reading 'Oil prices: speculation or imbalances?' Mayo 30, 2008 Estimados lectores, En los últimos meses ha caído un nuevo mito, el de la seguridad de los fondos de liquidez. El tema que hoy nos ocupa era tradicionalmente considerado como anodino y gris para los profesionales de mercado pero, sorpresas de la vida, ha dejado de serlo en los últimos meses: Los FIAMM - Fondos de inversión en activos de mercado monetario han pasado a ser excitantes, pero por las razones equivocadas... Continue reading 'Fondos monetarios - ¿Qué prefieres un susto o la muerte?' Mayo 24, 2008 CPDO stands for constant proportion debt obligation... But I am not sure you are any clearer now in any way, shape or form. Let me try to make this one simple.
A CPDO was a new form of market value credit structured product. Developed in 2007 by ABN AMRO and subsequently improved by UBS, LEHMAN and others. It looked and felt as a bond with a Euribor+1% coupon... nice, though. Continue reading 'CPDO: Constant Proportion Debt Obligation... The last mistake by rating agencies' Abril 23, 2008 El mercado LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate) ha sufrido un importante envite esta semana. Se ha puesto así en peligro la subsistencia del mercado donde, desde 1980, se fijan los tipos de interés interbancarios de referencia para una gran número de monedas, - en especial, el dólar – que son a su vez la base de un gran número de operaciones financieras (préstamos sindicados, derivados,…). En Europa existe un competidor al tipo de interés Euro LIBOR, el Euribor, al que se indician una gran parte de nuestras hipotecas. El tipo de interés Euro LIBOR para distintos vencimientos (al igual que el Euribor) se construye a partir de los precios ofrecidos por un grupo de bancos sobre el tipo de interés al que éstos están dispuestos a prestarse entre sí. Si bien el Euro LIBOR corresponde al mercado interbancario sobre euros en Londres (mercado offshore), el Euribor recoge el mercado interbancario localizado en Europa (mercado onshore). El primero se encuentra bajo la supervisión de la BBA (British Banker`s Association), y el segundo está gestionado por la European Banking Federation. Aunque Euro LIBOR y Euribor no difieren en mucho - los bancos que contribuyen a la formación de precios en ambos son similares, - sí existen leves diferencias tanto en la composición de conjunto de bancos que los componen como en el método para el cálculo final del tipo de interés a partir de las cifras aportadas por los bancos. Abril 18, 2008 Estimados inversores que buscáis desesperadamente el santo grial de las carteras. Hoy me gustaría presentar un producto de renta fija que lleva dos años llamando positivamente mi atención: Las huertas solares. No voy a contaros historias sobre el protocolo energético Europeo o mi visión sobre las energías alternativas.... humildemente sólo pretendo analizarlo como lo que es... una excelente inversión de renta fija.... garantizada por un país AAA. Las malas noticias es que el maná se acaba a partir de octubre del 2008 ya que no están garantizadas las primas para las huertas que se conecten a partir de entonces. Las huertas solares, es un nombre poco glamuroso que describe a un proyecto de infraestructuras (project finance) en el que se lleva a cabo una instalación de células fotovoltaicas en una finca desierta en Extremadura, Cuenca, Valencia, etc... y la compañía eléctrica de turno (Iberdola, Endesa, etc.) nos subsidia 5,75 veces (sí 575% !!) el precio medio del pool energético gracias a un decreto Ley durante 25 años (4,25 veces a partir de los 25 años hasta su vencimiento). Por tanto es un producto financiero de renta fija que tiene las siguientes características... Continue reading 'Las HUERTAS SOLARES: ¿El santo grial de la renta fija?' Abril 16, 2008
Because these steroids are found in different levels in males and females he suggests that changing the composition of trading desks and bringing more females to a currently male dominated environment can change the risk return profile of banks. The endocrine profile of a trading desk can be improved though the right mix of males and females. This is a nice well documented story. May be just the start of a new field contributing to the understanding of swings and overreactions in financial markets. Abril 10, 2008 Numerosos analistas extranjeros se preguntan por qué el huracán suprime no ha atacado al mercado español como lo ha hecho al mercado norteamericano o inglés. La realidad es que los bancos y cajas españoles parecen mantenerse inmunes a este fenómeno que ha azotado los mercados internacionales. Como siempre ha habido un enorme sensacionalismo mediático. En este artículo intentaré analizar de forma pormenorizada y lo más objetiva posible mi visión sobre el tema en cuestión, la cual es más positiva de lo que nos tienen acostumbrados los medios. Haberlas haylas... pero en mucho menor porcentaje que en otros mercados... Como decía Alfredo Sáenz, consejero delegado del Santander si existen hipotecas subprime en España. Existen dos formas fundamentales de contagiarse de la enfermedad subprime: i) Concediendo hipotecas de riesgo o subprime. Continue reading 'Las hipotecas SUBPRIME en España: ¿HABERLAS HAYLAS?' Marzo 18, 2008 La Reserva Federal de EEUU ha realizado grandes esfuerzos para aliviar los problemas de liquidez que han surgido en el sistema financiero americano desde Agosto de 2007. Los primeros esfuerzos se plasmaron en la reducción del tipo penalizador al que las instituciones depositarias podían utilizar la ventanilla de descuento para tomar liquidez, y en la ampliación de los plazos de este tipo de préstamos a un mes. El estigma que va unido a su uso hizo que el recurso a este instrumento fuera escaso. Para complementar la medida anterior, la Fed fue generosa en la provisión de liquidez en el mercado de reservas (Fed funds market) en el que negocia con las veinte instituciones reconocidas por la propia Fed (primary dealers), dando lugar a que el tipo de interés efectivo negociara por debajo del tipo de interés objetivo. Continuas tensiones en el mercado interbancario, dificultades en los mercados crediticios y las primeras noticias de datos económicos negativos, forzaron a la Fed a una acción agresiva sobre los tipos de interés, que bajaron desde el 5.25 % al 3 %. En Diciembre, la Fed añadió un instrumento más al conjunto de herramientas de política monetaria: las subastas de préstamos (Treasury Auction Facilities, TAFs), por un volumen de 40 mil millones de dólares, dirigidas a instituciones depositarias en lugar de estar restringido a los primary dealers. Continue reading 'Más Vale Tarde que Nunca' Marzo 11, 2008 Commodity prices are surging in an anomalous way. The spike in commodity prices is not just limited to oil which has crossed the 105 $ barrier, but extends to metals (gold, copper, iron,…), agriculturals (wheat, corn, soybean, rice, dairy products, platinum,…) and a wider arrear of other assets under the commodity denomination. This rise in commodity prices could be explained as in any other market as an imbalance of demand and supply. Whether you believe is a demand imbalance or supply imbalance will change your view on whether this is a long standing phenomenon and whether it will have long term effects on the consumer price index. Let us look at both theories, those that posit that is a demand push against those who believe that it is a supply correction. Continue reading 'Commodity prices or world inflation' Marzo 06, 2008 The liquidity crisis is back with vengeance. Recent episodes of high LIBOR rates are been resurrected this week and new calls to calm the markets are needed. This increase in risk aversion is taking place almost in any asset, with fixed income assets been those where movement are sharpest. In Britain, money markets are also on fire and new actions are expected from the Bank of England (BoE). The Bank of England will probably put aside any moral hazard considerations and will be as aggressive as needed to avoid any new Northern Rock case. There has already been pain in the banks and moral hazard punishments can wait. The Bank of England will probably raise and renew the three months repurchase operations that offered in December. Sterling London interbank rates are at two months high and with similar premium over target as those seen in Europe. Broader collateral in repo operations and an increase of the amount of reserves in its regular repo operations are some of the measures that the BoE is thinking of implementing. On the other side of the Atlantic things are not very different. We should say they are worse that out here in Europe. Close to the core the heat is higher! LIBOR are high, swap spreads are at record levels (though these days every day a new record figure is set), the cost of insuring corporate debt through credit default swaps is soaring, municipalities are rising money without taking any insurance (who cares about monolines which cannot insurance what they should!) and high yield bonds have risen on average to 7.76 percentage points over Treasury bonds. Not a nice picture. In the meantime there are rumors circulating of explicit government guarantee for Government Sponsored Enterprises (Freddie and Fannie) and Bernanke is asking banks to be lenient with mortgage borrowers. Central banks And governments are reacting but a lot of bail out is still needed to calm this burning fire.
Febrero 21, 2008 The effect of the housing market correction in the US has been felt worldwide through the sub prime crisis. Analysts had watched carefully other markets to follow. Whereas Ireland and Spain are two that has been considered to be over inflated, analysts are also watching the UK market. There are many reasons to worry in the UK. First, the UK has been the first market where a mortgage based bank has gone bankrupt and nationalized. The model business followed by Northern Rock might still be present somewhere else in the UK. Second there are many fraud elements in the UK market similar to events surrounding the US sub prime crash. The Financial Services Authority (FSA) has recently banned two mortgage brokers for handling false applications to lenders. Income and credit conditions are have been altered in an attempt to keep the ball rolling. Third, UK house prices have increased more than in US whether this is measured either in absolute values or in relative values, that is, relative to income (see picture below taken from a Merrill Lynch report). Fourth, interest rates are al high levels in the UK and any reductions in interest rates are currently difficult given inflationary pressures. The mortgage bill is likely to remain high for those holding mortgages. Fifth, household debt/income ratios are hitting record levels. There might be many other arguments not mentioned above that justifies a correction. But I believe these are enough. We have learnt that mortgage crisis can easily have economic effects beyond national borders. This is why the UK housing is an additional worry in our current gloomy horizon. Continue reading 'The collapse in the UK housing market:' Febrero 14, 2008 Last weeks were relatively quite in terms of economic news. Some good news from the retail sales front more a less worldwide (UK and the US specially), lower unemployment claims in the UK and few minor things. However markets still were relatively nervous. Monoline insurers had an important role in this nervous state. Monoline insurers were anew word for many, a hidden economic agent that hardly appeared in the news. But it is playing quite a big role in the last weeks. Are they going to be downgraded by rating agencies? Are regulators promoting changing legislation so they can operate within new market conditions? Is Warren Buffet going to rescue some of them? Before all these questions are answered we have to ask ourselves why they matter so much. What is the economic effect of these downgrades? Briefly put, there are a few reasons why they are important economic agents whose downgrade can induce a chain reaction that affect the balance sheet of many companies. These are some consequences of the downgrade just to name a few: a) If a monoline gets downgraded, bonds they have enhanced are downgraded as well. b) CDO tranches kept by banks in their balance sheets are top quality that do not count
Enero 29, 2008 This question is hanging around in the media. Today the UK Daily Telegraph addresses the issue in article that I attach. According to the newspaper some Spanish banks would have followed the path of Northern Rock if it had not been by the very active lending role played by the European Central Bank in the last quarter of the year. Spanish banks have been issuing record volumes of mortgage backed securities during the last quarter of the year. According to the article, Spanish banks have not been able to place these issues within an open market much affected by the credit squeeze and have resorted in the ECB discount window. Repo operations using these bonds as collateral have provided Spanish banks with liquidity. Most probably this liquidity would have not be found in the open market were asset backed securities have been much denostated. This practice has been considered by many as a disguised rescue operation. Whether this is the case will be revealed when these short term loans (by the ECB) have to be rolled over.
Enero 25, 2008 I believe you all have seen what has been going on in the markets and everyone is pretty puzzled about the swings. Last week ended with the fiscal proposal by Bush to stimulate the economy (investment deductions and rebates) in an attempt to boost the economy and avoid a recession. This seemed good news for the market. But just before the Friday closing of markets in the US , news appeared claiming that rating assessment on monoline firms (such as AMBAC and MBIA) could be downgraded. This monoline firms are bond insurers. The book value of the bond portfolio of many banks depend heavily on the financial muscle of these companies. So revisions on the credit quality of monoline companies would imply further write downs by banks and more financial distress. Continue reading 'A week of panic' Enero 24, 2008 Soc Gen reported today a 7 billion dollars write-down because of a rogue trader. Someone within the prop trading group of the bank disguised a trade that is going to cost the bank half its capitalization. This is a big number. A loss bigger than those accounted by LTCM and Amaranth when they got into troubled. We will soon know more details about the affair but generally the explanation of risk mismanagement is straightforward. Someone (this someone is later called a rogue trader) holds a trade with a risk profile that is unknown to the risk manager either because the latter does not follow the positions of his group correctly or because he does follow them closely, but does not understand their implications. This latter reason is explained in terms of sophisticated derivative positions. The final conclusion is that: the trader fooled the manager. This probably happens more often that reported, though it is only reported to the press when it ends up in huge losses. Enero 16, 2008 The fears of recession in the US have been announced from a few fronts. Those fears have not attained Europe, with the exception of the UK, that shows the same softness in its economy as the US. However |